Burji history

In the beginning, the Burji lived at Liban.

 

Liban was located in what is now southeast Ethiopia, near the meeting of the Ethiopian, Kenyan and Somali borders.

In some tellings, Liban is located further north, in the homeland of the Amhara. If you need to get on the good side of the most privileged ethnic group in the country, it's helpful to have a common origin to point to. The Burji are a very small ethnic group, so they have to be "practical," "flexible," (Kellner) and "versatile" (Amborn) in the details of where they came from.

The Burji shared their ancestral land with the Konso and the Borana, until an argument drove the Burji out and to their present homeland on the slopes of the Amaro Mountains just southeast of Lake Chamo. The Burji have lived here for around 400 years.

The Burji became expert farmers, famous for their agricultural skills. This made them different from the majority of the peoples in the region (e.g. the Borana), who were herders.

At the end of the 19th century, the army of the Ethiopian Empire pushed south, subjugating the indigenous people and setting up a system of compulsory labor called gabbar. Huge numbers of people took their animals and fled to British Kenya. For the next thirty-five years, the herders moved back and forth across the border, avoiding now the Ethiopian neftenya, now the British tax collectors. Whole villages would vanish overnight from one country and appear in the other.

But the Burji were farmers, not herders, so they couldn't move around. Being practical people, they accepted Ethiopian rule. Under the gabbar system, they were partitioned out to work for the northern settlers. Their crops were drained by the north.

Then the Burji began to leave. Not back and forth across the border like the herders, but permanently moving southward into Kenya, reaching Marsabet, Nairobi and even Mombassa. Many of the Kenyan Burji became successful traders and businesspeople.

Back in Ethiopia, the Italians invaded from Italian Somaliland in 1935. The Ethiopian army fought the Italians all over the south for the next four years. The Italians were brutal, using poison gas against civilians. For many Burji though, the Italians were actually an improvement, since they abolished the gabbar system.

By 1940, the British had joined the fight against the Italians. In 1941 Emperor Haile Selassie returned to the throne from his exile in England. Now the Burji were punished for supporting the Italians. More fled to Kenya.

We are now within living memory, and I am not comfortable feeling my way through events that I may get wrong. I will fast forward through the overthrow of Haile Selassie, the murderous Derg, famine, and war to the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), currently in power. The current constitution has organized Ethiopia under a model of ethnic federalism. The country is divided into regions, zones, and woredas based on ethnicity. Burji is a special woreda (meaning it is not part of any zone) within the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region (SNNPR). In theory, the model of ethnic federalism means that each ethnic group enjoys a large degree of autonomy. In practice, there are at least two problems. One, there is disagreement about where boundaries were drawn. Many Burji, for example, live in the area around Hagere Mariam, but that area is now part of the Guji zone in the Oromia region.

Two, dividing the country among ethnic groups brings differences to the forefront and exacerbates inter-ethnic conflicts. The Burji have been involved in at least two conflicts in the last decade. One was with the Guji, over shared resources in the Hagere Mariam area. The other is a current conflict with the Borana that began in northern Kenya and has now spilled over into southern Ethiopia (Burji woreda, where we are going, is not involved in the current conflict).

I'm looking forward to going to Burji and learning more about its history.


Resources to read about Burji:

- Amborn, H. (2009). Burji: Versatile by Tradition.  In Schlee, G.  & Watson, E. (Eds.) Changing identifications and alliances in north-east Africa.
- Boru, A. (2004). Burji recognition in the Kenya constitution. Cultural Survival Quarterly.
- Debelo, A.R. (2012). Emerging ethnic identities and inter-ethnic conflict: The Guji-Burji conflict in south Ethiopia. Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism.
- Fresh Clashes Erupt in Moyale between the Borana and the Burji. (2014, February 17). www.standardmedia.co.ke/
- Hundreds Displaced Following Moyale Clashes. (2013, December 6). www.the-star.co.ke/
- Kellner, A.  (2006). The Burjis' Liban tradition: An example of a practical interest in the past. Proceedings of the XVth International Conference of Ethiopian Studies.
- Kellner, A. (2006). The significance of the oral traditions of the Burji for perceiving and shaping their inter-ethnic relations. In Schlee, G.  & Watson, E. (Eds.) Changing Identifications and Alliances in North-East Africa.
- Mahmoud, H.A. (2009). Breaking barriers: the construction of a new Burji identity through livestock trade in northern Kenya.  Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology Working Papers.
- Oba, G.  (2013). Nomads in the shadows of empires.
- Wolasa, T. (2010). Introduction. Yaayo Burji Dictionary.

New answers

This blog post isn't going to be relevant to a whole lot of people, but when you realize you've gotten something wrong for several years, you feel like writing a blog post about it.

Here is a quick quiz about Ethiopia:

1. How long has the country of Ethiopia existed?
2. Was Ethiopia ever a colony?
3. What language is spoken in Ethiopia?
4. What do traditional Ethiopian clothes look like?
5. What are some important sights in Ethiopia? 

Here are the quick answers, as might be given by our adoption agency, by a cursory Google search, by many Ethiopian Americans, by me during the last few years.

1. How long has the country of Ethiopia existed?
The country of Ethiopia is one of the oldest in the world. The fabled Ethiopian Queen of Sheba, who had a son with King Solomon, lived in the 10th century BC. Homer and Herodotus wrote about Ethiopia in the 8th and 5th centuries BC. 

2. Was Ethiopia ever a colony?
No. During the Scramble for Africa, the Ethiopians defeated the Italians at the Battle of Adwa in 1896. Ethiopia is the only African country to have never been a colony.

3. What language is spoken in Ethiopia?
The main language is Amharic. It's a Semitic language that uses an alphabet called fidel.

4. What do traditional Ethiopian clothes look like?
The traditional clothing is the shamma, which is a long white cotton cloth, often with embroidered edges. A heavier version, more like a blanket, is called a gabbi. Women cover their heads with a gauzy ne'tela. 

5. What are some important sights in Ethiopia?  
The stelae at Axum, the rock-hewn churches of Lalibela, the castles of Gondar, Bahir Dar, Lake Tana and the Blue Nile. 



But for my children, none of these answers are correct. 

My children are from the south of Ethiopia, not from the center or the north. And that's a whole different history and culture.

I realized this over a year ago (See Whose culture is it anyway?) but until recently I hadn't tried to find the answers that would apply to my kids. Busy learning how to be a family and all. Only now, with our trip to Burjii coming up, am I finally doing some research.

So here is my first attempt at new answers.

1. How long has the country of Ethiopia existed?
The country of Ethiopia, with its current borders that include the south, has existed since the end of the 19th century/beginning of the 20th century.

I just read Nomads in the Shadows of Empires. One of the most interesting parts was about how the Ethiopian empire and British Kenya drew the frontier line between the two countries. Something I had never thought about before.

2. Was Ethiopia ever a colony?
Yes. The states of what is now southern Ethiopia were invaded and colonized by the army of Emperor Menelik. The Amhara neftenya (soldier-settlers) enforced a system called gabbar among the indigenous population, which was something very close to slavery. Some would say southern Ethiopia is still colonized.

3. What language is spoken in Ethiopia?
Of the approximately 85 languages in Ethiopia, the most widely spoken first language is Oromiffa. It is a Cushitic language related to Somali, Sidamo and Burjii. Cushitic languages use the Latin alphabet, not fidel. Other language groups in Ethiopia are Semitic, Omotic and Nilo-Saharan. Amharic is the most widely spoken second language due to the Amhara conquest and the resulting (now-past) language policies.

4. What do traditional Ethiopian clothes look like?
Each ethnic group has its own traditional clothes. Traditional Burjii clothes are made from a bright blue woven cloth. The shamma, gabbi and ne'tela are traditional Amhara clothing.

http://www.1000starsfest.com/burji/

5. What are some important sights in Ethiopia?  
The sights listed above are all in the north. Most of the southern Ethiopian sights listed in tourist guides fall into the categories of wildlife (Ne'chisar National Park, Yabelo Wildlife Sanctuary) or anthropological (lower Omo valley). I am sure there are historic sites that are important to the people of southern Ethiopia, including sites marking their struggles against the Ethiopian empire and against the Italians. But I don't know what they are yet.



Final thoughts:

History is written by the victors.

Ethiopia ≠ Amhara

"It is time to move beyond... 'empathy with the victors' and tell the story of the vanquished, the poor, those who can't 'write,' those who have no 'Book' in their name.  - Teshale Tibebu, The Making of Modern Ethiopia